考研英語(yǔ)：區(qū)分定語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句

　　兩種從句的區(qū)別主要在以下三方面:
　　?從詞類上區(qū)別
　　同位語(yǔ)從句前面的名詞只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定內(nèi)涵的名詞，而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞，主句的一部分或是整個(gè)主句，如: The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人們經(jīng)常討論大多數(shù)勞動(dòng)力將會(huì)在家里工作的可能性。(同位語(yǔ)從句)
　　Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我們的隊(duì)贏了,這讓我們很高興。(定語(yǔ)從句)

　　?從性質(zhì)上區(qū)別
　　定語(yǔ)從句是從句對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制,屬于形容詞性從句的范疇;而同位語(yǔ)從句是從句對(duì)前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明和解釋,屬于名詞性從句的范疇，如: The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊(duì)贏了那場(chǎng)比賽的消息是真的。(同位語(yǔ)從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明news到底是一個(gè)什么消息。)
　　The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個(gè)消息是真的。(定語(yǔ)從句,news在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)。)

　　?從引導(dǎo)詞及其在句子中的成分上區(qū)別
　　有些引導(dǎo)詞如how, whether, what可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,但不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，如:
　　That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我們是否需要它這個(gè)問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有考慮。(同位語(yǔ)從句)
　　引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),在從句中一般做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)(指物時(shí)還可以用which代替),并且作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常常省略，that在同位語(yǔ)從句中僅起連接作用,不充當(dāng)任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which來(lái)代替，如:
　　The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我們應(yīng)派幾個(gè)人去幫別的幾個(gè)小組的命令昨天收到了。(同位語(yǔ)從句,是對(duì)order的具體解釋,that雖不作成分,但不能省略。)
　　The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我們昨天收到的命令是我們應(yīng)該派幾個(gè)人去幫助別的幾個(gè)小組。(定語(yǔ)從句,是名詞order的修飾語(yǔ),that在從句中作received的賓語(yǔ),可以省略。)

　　【真題例句】The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.

　　【解析】句子可拆分為：The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.

　　主句為：The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by… and by…。主句主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)為: The issue of whether…and whether…。of 短語(yǔ)修飾the issue, of 短語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)一般譯在后面；that the Red Planet…是evidence的同位語(yǔ)從句，（即evidence的具體內(nèi)容）。that bacterial fossils…是suggestions的同位語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明suggestions的具體內(nèi)容。）第一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句可以直接翻譯在所修飾詞后面。第二個(gè)同位語(yǔ)可以放在所修飾的名詞前面，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。

　　【參考譯文】越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明，這個(gè)紅色行星上曾經(jīng)有穩(wěn)定而豐富的液態(tài)水，而且人們對(duì)從火星落到地球上的細(xì)菌化石隕石的說(shuō)法一直有爭(zhēng)論，使火星上是否存在過(guò)生命和是否至今仍有生命的問(wèn)題成為了引人注目的重點(diǎn)。

　　（實(shí)習(xí)編輯：劉明忠）