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考研語法入門篇:過去、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

  摘要:完成體是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)完成,結(jié)構(gòu)是:主動(dòng)詞have的不同時(shí)態(tài)+-ed分詞??梢苑譃楝F(xiàn)在完成體和過去完成體。那么今天小編就和大家一起學(xué)習(xí)完成體吧!

  ?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)既涉及過去,又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在,主要有兩種用法。

  一、表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果.常與just(剛剛),already(已經(jīng)),never(從來沒有),ever(曾經(jīng)),before(以前),yet(仍然),

  once(一次),twice(兩次),many times(很多次),how many times(多少次),so far(迄今為止),during the past(last)three years(最近三年來)等連用.

  ※副詞的位置:

 ?。?)just常用于肯定句中,放在have / has后,He has just come .

  (2)never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.

 ?。?)ever用于疑問句中,句型為: Have / Has+主語+ever +過去分詞?“…曾經(jīng)……過嗎?”用于詢問某人過去的經(jīng)歷.Have you ever been to the farm?

 ?。?)before用于句末,The woman has never heard of that before.

 ?。?)yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.

 ?。?)already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.

 ?。?)so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.

  二、表示過去已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).時(shí)間狀語有:

  (1)for+表示一段時(shí)間的詞語I have taught English for 19 years.

 ?。?)since+表示過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語He has been at this school since 1986.

 ?。?)since+表示過去的時(shí)間狀語從句I have lived here since I was born.

  (4)since+一段時(shí)間+ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.

  ?過去完成時(shí)

  過去完成體,顧名思義,就是表示在過去某一時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,也就是我們所說的“過去的過去”。因此,它有“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。結(jié)構(gòu)為:had+-ed分詞。

  一、“已完成”,表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束。

  I had finished my homework when my friends came.我朋友來的時(shí)候,我就已經(jīng)完成家庭作業(yè)了。

  My father had left for Beijing before I came home. 在我到家前,爸爸已經(jīng)離開去北京了。

  二、“未完成”,表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間,而且到那時(shí)還未結(jié)束,仍有繼續(xù)下去的可能性。

  Jack said that he had made much progress in English since he came here.

  杰克說自從他到這兒以后,英語已經(jīng)取得了很大進(jìn)步。

  By six o’clock these workers had worked twelve hours. 到六點(diǎn)鐘時(shí),這些工人已經(jīng)工作十二小時(shí)了。

  三、連詞引導(dǎo)過去完成體用法:有些連詞引導(dǎo)的過去完成時(shí)可互換。

  When I reached the station, the train had already left.

  =I reached the station after the train had left.

  =I didn’t reach the station until the train had left.

  =The train had left before I reached the station.

  在我到車站時(shí),火車已經(jīng)走了。

  四、過去完成體的虛擬用法,表示與過去事態(tài)相反的主觀設(shè)想。

 ?。?)用于if, if only, as if引導(dǎo)的分句:

  If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam. 如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)的話,你就已經(jīng)通過考試了。

  If I were you, I would not do it. 我要是你,就不做這事。

  If only I had finished it before. 要是我之前完成了這件事就好了。

  I felt as if I had been a bird in the sky.我感覺自己好似天空一只小鳥。

 ?。?)用于I wish, I would rather引導(dǎo)的that從句:

  I wished that I had knew the answer to the question before he asked me. 我希望在他問我以前,我知道問題的答案。

  I would rather you had told me the truth. 我寧愿你跟我說實(shí)話。

 ?。?)用于expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose等表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。

  I had intended to buy a present for you, but I forgot that. 我本打算給你買禮物的,但我忘了。

  I had hoped that we could pass the exam, but we failed in the end. 我本希望我們都能通過考試,但最終我們失敗了。

  因此,由上可知,比起現(xiàn)在完成體,過去完成體用法復(fù)雜,且具體“虛擬”的特殊用法,需要我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)使用中加以注意。

  ?現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

  我們?cè)谑褂矛F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)之前,還應(yīng)該了解和它相似的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

  現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)作表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到至今,它強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的整個(gè)過程。這個(gè)動(dòng)作也許剛剛結(jié)束,也許仍在進(jìn)行。

  現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的用法:

  例句:

 ?。?) What have you been doing all this time? 這半天你干什么來著?

 ?。?) I have been waiting for my girl friend for half an hour, but she has not shown up yet. 我一直在等我女朋友,已等了半小時(shí),但她仍沒露面。

 ?。?) He is ill. He’s been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了。已臥床3個(gè)星期。

 ?。?) I have been watching TV the whole evening. 我整個(gè)晚上一直在看電視。

  現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)并不難掌握,它的特點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過程。

  ?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別

  在實(shí)際使用過程中,有時(shí)候很容易把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)混淆,那么二者有哪些區(qū)別呢?

 ?。?)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作:

  I have read the book. 我讀過這本書。

  I have been reading the book. 我一直在讀這本書。

  【注】有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(如work, study, live, teach, stay等)在表示持續(xù)一時(shí)間時(shí)用這兩種時(shí)態(tài)含義差不多(只是用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性):

  How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在這兒工作多久了?

  I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988. 自1988年以來我就一直住在這兒。

 ?。?)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常只陳述事實(shí),而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可表示一種感****彩:

  I have waited for two hours. 我等了兩小時(shí)。(陳述事實(shí))

  I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(等得好辛苦)

 ?。?)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用來談?wù)撦^短暫的動(dòng)作或情況,若要談?wù)摃r(shí)間延續(xù)較長的動(dòng)作或情況或永久性情況,則通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):

  He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。

  He has been living in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暫時(shí)性)

  (4)不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞通常也不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),但它們可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):

  I’ve only known her for two day. 我認(rèn)識(shí)她剛剛兩天。

  They’ve been married for twenty years. 他們結(jié)婚已二十年了。

  The war has lasted for a long time. 這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了很長時(shí)間。

 ?。?)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài),若要用可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)代替:

  The house has been painted for a month. 這房子已漆了一個(gè)月。

  The problem has been studied for five days. 這個(gè)問題已研究了五天。

  (實(shí)習(xí)小編:江小白)

 

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