干貨：2021考研英語(yǔ)雙語(yǔ)材料之經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的彈性是什么?

　　摘要：2021考研英語(yǔ)中的閱讀是非常重要的，可以說(shuō)是我們的重要得分點(diǎn)，每天記一點(diǎn)，很快就能突破英語(yǔ)閱讀難關(guān)。幫幫為大家整理了英語(yǔ)雙語(yǔ)材料，供大家參考學(xué)習(xí)。

　　Elasticity is a term used a lot in economics todescribe the way one thing changes in a givenenvironment in response to another variable thathas a changed value.

　　彈性是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中經(jīng)常使用的一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，用來(lái)描述在給定環(huán)境中一個(gè)變量相對(duì)于另一個(gè)變量發(fā)生一定比例改變的屬性。

　　For example, the quantity of a specific product soldeach month changes in response to themanufacturer alters the product's price.

　　例如，每個(gè)月銷(xiāo)售的特定產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量隨著廠商改變產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格而變化。

　　A more abstract way of putting it that means pretty much the same thing is that elasticitymeasures the responsiveness of one variable in a given environment to a change in anothervariable, which in this instance is a change in price.

　　更為抽象的說(shuō)法，彈性衡量的是給定環(huán)境中一個(gè)變量對(duì)另一個(gè)變量變化的響應(yīng)性，在這個(gè)例子中是價(jià)格變化。

　　Or you could also say it measures "the sensitivity" of that variable.

　　或者你也可以說(shuō)它測(cè)量了這個(gè)變量的“靈敏度”。

　　Often, e conomists speak of a demand curve, where the relationship between price and demandvaries depending upon how much or how little one of the two variables is changed.

　　通常，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家說(shuō)的是需求曲線，即價(jià)格和需求之間的關(guān)系取決于兩個(gè)變量中的一個(gè)變化了多少。

　　Some Examples of Elasticity and Inelasticity

　　彈性和非彈性的一些例子

　　It's not surprising when a manufacturer substantially increases a product's price, that consumerdemand should diminish.

　　當(dāng)制造商大幅度提高產(chǎn)品價(jià)格時(shí)，消費(fèi)者的需求就會(huì)減少，這不足為奇。

　　Many common items, such as aspirin, are widely available from any number of sources.

　　許多常見(jiàn)物品，如阿司匹林，可以從許多來(lái)源廣泛獲得。

　　In such cases, the product's maker raises the price at its own risk -- if the price rises even alittle, some shoppers might stay loyal to the specific brand -- at one time, Bayer nearly had alock on the U.S. aspirin market -- but many more consumers would probably seek the sameproduct from another manufacturer at the lower price.

　　在這種情況下，廠商提高價(jià)格就會(huì)有自己的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——如果價(jià)格小幅上漲，一些消費(fèi)者可能仍然會(huì)忠于特定的品牌——拜耳一度幾乎占有了美國(guó)阿司匹林市場(chǎng)——但是更多的消費(fèi)者可能會(huì)以較低的價(jià)格從其他廠商那里尋找相同的產(chǎn)品。

　　In such instances, the demand for the product is highly elastic and such instances e conomistsnote a high sensitivity of demand.

　　在這種情況下，對(duì)產(chǎn)品的需求是高度彈性的，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家注意到了需求的高度敏感性。

　　But in other instances, the demand is not elastic at all.

　　但在其他情況下，需求根本不具有彈性。

　　Water, for example, is usually supplied in any given municipality by a single quasi-governmental organization, often along with electricity.

　　例如，在任何特定的城市，水通常由一個(gè)單一的準(zhǔn)政府組織供應(yīng)，通常與電力一起供應(yīng)。

　　When something consumers use daily, such as electricity or water, has a single source, thedemand for the product may continue even as the price rises -- basically, because the consumerhas no alternative.

　　當(dāng)消費(fèi)者日常使用的東西(比如電或水)只有唯一一個(gè)來(lái)源時(shí)，即使價(jià)格上漲，對(duì)產(chǎn)品的需求也還是會(huì)繼續(xù)的，因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者們基本沒(méi)有其他選擇。

　　Interesting 21st Century Complications

　　有趣的21世紀(jì)并發(fā)癥

　　Another strange phenomenon in price/demand elasticity in the 21st century has to do withthe Internet.

　　21世紀(jì)價(jià)格/需求彈性的另一個(gè)奇怪現(xiàn)象與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有關(guān)。

　　The New York Times has noted, for instance, that Amazon often changes prices in ways that arenot directly responsive to demand, but rather to the ways consumers order the product -- aproduct that cost X when initially ordered may be filled at X-plus when reordered, often whenthe consumer has initiated automatic re-ordering.

　　例如，《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》指出，亞馬遜經(jīng)常以不直接響應(yīng)需求而是響應(yīng)消費(fèi)者訂購(gòu)產(chǎn)品的方式來(lái)改變價(jià)格——某種產(chǎn)品首次訂購(gòu)時(shí)成本為X，當(dāng)消費(fèi)者開(kāi)始主動(dòng)回購(gòu)時(shí)，再次訂購(gòu)時(shí)的成本就變?yōu)閄+了。

　　The actual demand, presumably, hasn't changed, but the price has.

　　實(shí)際需求可能沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化，但是價(jià)格已經(jīng)改變了。

　　Airlines and other travel sites commonly change the price of a product based on an algorithmicestimation of some future demand, not a demand that actually exists when the price ischanged.

　　航空公司和其他旅游網(wǎng)站通常會(huì)根據(jù)對(duì)未來(lái)需求的估計(jì)來(lái)改變產(chǎn)品價(jià)格，而不是依據(jù)價(jià)格改變時(shí)實(shí)際存在的需求。

　　Some travel sites, USA and others have noted, put a cookie on the consumer's computer whenthe consumer first inquires about the cost of a product; when the consumer checks again, thecookie raises the price, not in response to a general demand for the product, but in responseto a single consumer's expression of interest.

　　美國(guó)和其他一些旅游網(wǎng)站指出，當(dāng)消費(fèi)者首次查詢(xún)產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格時(shí)，會(huì)在消費(fèi)者的電腦上儲(chǔ)存一個(gè)cookie;當(dāng)消費(fèi)者再次查看時(shí)，cookie會(huì)提高價(jià)格，這不是反映產(chǎn)品的普遍需求，而是反映了單個(gè)消費(fèi)者的興趣。

　　These situations do not at all invalidate the principle of price elasticity of demand. Ifanything, they confirm it, but in interesting and complicated ways.

　　這些情況根本不會(huì)使需求的價(jià)格彈性原則失效。如果說(shuō)有什么不同的話(huà)，那就是他們以有趣而復(fù)雜的方式證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。

　　In summary:

　　綜上所述：

　　Price/demand elasticity for common products is generally high.

　　普通產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格/需求彈性通常很高。

　　Price/demand elasticity where the good has only a single source or a very limited number ofsources is typically low.

　　當(dāng)商品只有單一來(lái)源或來(lái)源數(shù)量非常有限時(shí)，價(jià)格/需求彈性通常很低。

　　External situations may create rapid changes in the price elasticity of demand for almost anyproduct with low elasticity.

　　外部環(huán)境可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致幾乎所有低彈性產(chǎn)品的需求價(jià)格彈性的快速變化。

　　Digital capabilities, such as "demand pricing" on the Internet, can affect price/demand in waysthat were unknown in the 20th century.

　　數(shù)字能力，例如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的“需求定價(jià)”，可以以20世紀(jì)未知的方式影響價(jià)格/需求。

　　How to Express Elasticity as a Formula

　　如何用公式表達(dá)彈性

　　Elasticity, as an economics concept,can be applied to many different situations, each with itsown variables. In this introductory article, we've briefly surveyed the concept of the priceelasticity of demand. Here's the formula:

　　彈性，作為一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)概念，可以應(yīng)用到許多不同的情況，每種情況都有自己的變量。在這篇文章中，我們簡(jiǎn)要介紹了需求價(jià)格彈性的概念。以下是需求價(jià)格彈性的公式:

　　Price Elasticity of Demand (PEoD) = (% Change in Quantity Demanded/ (% Change in Price)

　　需求價(jià)格彈性( PEoD ) = ( 需求量變化的百分比/ (價(jià)格變化的百分比)

　　?幫幫友情提示：2021考研英語(yǔ)雙語(yǔ)材料之添加糖和天然糖