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考研英語(yǔ):“that”無(wú)處不在!

  摘要:that是英語(yǔ)中十分常見(jiàn)的單詞,用法靈活多樣,是英語(yǔ)中最常用的詞匯之一。正因?yàn)樗俏覀冋J(rèn)為自己最熟悉的單詞,反而容易忽視它。在考研英語(yǔ)中,對(duì) that的考查包括三個(gè)方面:(1)that作指示代詞的用法;(2)that作連詞引導(dǎo)各類(lèi)從句時(shí),需要準(zhǔn)確辨別從句類(lèi)型。

  ?that作限定詞或代詞
  that可以作限定詞或代詞連接名詞或名詞短語(yǔ),也可單獨(dú)使用,用以指代人或者物。此外,that不僅可以指代單獨(dú)的人或物,還可以指代一句話。
  例:Furthermore, in the early days of long line fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. [2006, text3]
  分析:
  A.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)。Furthermore, in the early days of long line fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks //after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, //because there are fewer sharks around now.
  第一個(gè)句子的主句為a lot of fish were lost to sharks,介詞短語(yǔ)in the early days of long line fishing作狀語(yǔ),after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。第二個(gè)句子主句是That is no longer a problem, that為代詞,because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
  B.分析that指代。that指代第一句話,“a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked”,其中after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
  C.譯文:而且,在使用多鉤長(zhǎng)線捕魚(yú)的初期,許多魚(yú)被鉤住后又被鯊魚(yú)奪走。這不再是一個(gè)問(wèn)題,因?yàn)楦浇孽忯~(yú)更少了。

  ?that作副詞表示程度,相當(dāng)于so
  例:It isn’t all that cold.天沒(méi)有那么冷。

  ?that作連詞引導(dǎo)各類(lèi)從句
  (一)that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句
  that后面連接一個(gè)完整的陳述句,可以位于主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)的位置,分別引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。此時(shí),that沒(méi)有實(shí)意,而且不在從句中做任何成分。that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可以省略。
  例1:That the plates are movingis now beyond dispute.(主語(yǔ)從句)
  地球板塊是在漂移的,這一事實(shí)毋庸置疑。
  例2:The truth isthat everyone should take care of orphan, not just the authorities.(表語(yǔ)從句)
  事實(shí)是,所有人都應(yīng)該照顧孤兒,而不僅僅是完全由政府承擔(dān)。
  例3:All people believedthat it was right to rescue the temple.(賓語(yǔ)從句)(注:that可以省略)
  所有人都認(rèn)為拯救古廟是正確的。
  例4:The students expressed their hopethat they could be admitted by that university.(同位語(yǔ)從句)
  學(xué)生們表達(dá)了他們向被這所大學(xué)錄取的愿望。
 ?。ǘ﹖hat引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
  that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),既可以指代人,也可以指代物。that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。
  例1:The professor that you admire most will visit our university next month.
  你敬仰的那個(gè)教授下月會(huì)到我們學(xué)校參觀。
  例2:This is one of the subways that will be put into use in two years.
  這是未來(lái)兩年內(nèi)將開(kāi)通的地鐵之一。
  例3:I have nothing that is worth reading.
  我沒(méi)有什么值得一讀的東西。
  (注:當(dāng)先行詞中有不定代詞、形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或者先行詞被the only,the very等限定詞修飾等情況下,定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞也只能用that。)
 ?。ㄈ﹖hat與其他單詞結(jié)合引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句
  that可以和其他單詞結(jié)構(gòu)共同引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,例如such...that,so...that等引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,in order that,so that等引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,in that,now that,on the grounds that等引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,suppose/supposing/assume/assuming/provided/providing that,on condition that等引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句等。
  例1:She has madesuchrapid progressthatbefore long she could pass the exam.
  她進(jìn)步很快,不久就能通過(guò)考試的。
  例2:You should make full use of this opportunityso thatyou can get rich experience.
  你應(yīng)該充分利用這次機(jī)會(huì),以便獲得豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
  例3:Supposing thatyou were in my position, what would you do?
  如果你在我的位置,你會(huì)怎么做?
  例4:On condition thatyou were lost in the desert, you should ask for help as soon as possible.
  如果你在沙漠中迷路,你應(yīng)該盡早尋求幫助。
 ?。ㄋ模﹖hat引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句
  “It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that從句”是高頻使用的一種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,其中被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以作從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。強(qiáng)調(diào)句中去掉“it is/was”和“that”后,句子成分和語(yǔ)義仍然完整。
  例:It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again.
  戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后愛(ài)因斯坦才能重新進(jìn)行他的研究工作。

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