2016考研：英語閱讀應(yīng)具備的五大能力

　　【摘要】考研閱讀的重要性不言而喻，不僅占分多，而且得分難。接下來就來談?wù)効佳虚喿x需要具備五大能力，各位同學(xué)可做參考。考研幫攜手2016大綱解析人第一時(shí)間解大綱，點(diǎn)擊免費(fèi)報(bào)名。
 

　　
　　?單詞能力
　　其實(shí)非常多閱讀題目，最終歸結(jié)到底與單詞相互關(guān)聯(lián)。經(jīng)典的例子如：

　　例1：2003年第一篇
　　Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage- spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.
　　21. The emergence of the Net has ________.
　　[A] received support from fans like Donovan
　　[B] remolded the intelligence services
　　[C] restored many common pastimes
　　[D] revived spying as a profession

　　【解析】這道題定位在最后一句，由于Bill Donovan的職業(yè)（vocation）就是情報(bào)服務(wù)，所以說到底本題考察了re-made是否能和restore同意替換，reshape是否能和remold同意替換。其中restore表示恢復(fù)，并非re-made重新制造的意思（試想：“恢復(fù)精力”和“重新制造精力”顯然有區(qū)別）。所以正確答案選擇B。

　　?定位能力
　　很多學(xué)生經(jīng)常憑借解題，而印象有時(shí)很主觀，往往與實(shí)際的文章內(nèi)容出入較大。學(xué)生應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)一種基于文章的事實(shí)去解題的基本素養(yǎng)。經(jīng)典例子如：

　　Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure atyour own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Suchbehaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption thatother animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all toomonkey, as well.
　　22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Lastline, paragraph l) implies that ________.
　　[A] monkeys are also outraged byslack rivals
　　[B] resenting unfairness is alsomonkeys’ nature
　　[C] monkeys, like humans, tend tobe jealous of each other
　　[D] no animals other than monkey scan develop such emotions

　　【解析】該段文字講述了猴子和人可能具有某些共同點(diǎn)。于是通過文章一開頭對(duì)于人的描述來推斷猴子：人看到同事加薪更多，喜悅盡失。于是很多學(xué)生毫不猶豫地選擇了C，即人之間會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種嫉妒的情緒（所以推斷到猴子也會(huì)）。但是這些同學(xué)剛好落入出題人的陷阱！定位原文，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)這種情緒在文章有表述this finely developed sense of grievance。答案當(dāng)然是B，resent（厭惡，憎恨）剛好是grievance（委屈，不滿）的替換，文中并沒有提到嫉妒（這是學(xué)生自己用主觀經(jīng)驗(yàn)推測(cè)出來的）。

　　?推斷能力
　　That the seas are beingoverfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers andBoris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked athalf a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do notattempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter)of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomassover time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass oflarge predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery isreduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In somelong-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
　　32. We can infer from Dr Myersand Dr Worm's paper that
　　[A] the stock of largepredators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
　　[B] there are only half asmany fisheries as there were 15 years ago
　　[C] the catch sizes in newfisheries are only 20% of the original amount
　　[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old

　　【解析】說到推斷能力，我們必須拿出這道“臭名昭著”的題目。因?yàn)閷W(xué)生在考場(chǎng)短期內(nèi)，確實(shí)需要非常迅速的判斷力才能正確地解決這道題目。該題需要思考幾個(gè)問題：1、old fishery和new fishery到底指什么？2、這些漁場(chǎng)在不同時(shí)間段到底下降了多少大型捕食者的量？3、“again”和“since then”暗示了什么？答案大家估計(jì)都知道，說穿了也不難。但是這題目把玩的地方還是非常多的，有興趣的同學(xué)，可以思考地深入一些，鍛煉自己的推斷思維。

　　?篩選能力
　　考研閱讀大部分題目是通過排除法，不言而喻。有的時(shí)候甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)為什么該題答案是A，因?yàn)锽CD必錯(cuò)所以才選A。是的，這就是elimination strategy！問題在于如何鍛煉自己敏銳的定位推斷綜合判斷選項(xiàng)對(duì)錯(cuò)，這需要大家了解很多錯(cuò)誤答案的形式。比如：

　　Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking wouldkill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That theevidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobbywas out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of theway? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10million smokers went to early graves.
　　26. An argument made by supporters of smoking wasthat ________.
　　[A] there was no scientific evidence of thecorrelation between smoking and death
　　[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in thepast decades was insignificant
　　[C] people had the freedom to choose their own wayof life
　　[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense

　　【解析】這道題目的A選項(xiàng)很容易誤選，因?yàn)槲恼掠卸ㄎ稽c(diǎn)“That theevidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain”感覺非常像。實(shí)際上有做題經(jīng)驗(yàn)的同學(xué)就會(huì)思考這個(gè)答案似乎有問題，因?yàn)槲恼抡f的no太絕對(duì)化了。證據(jù)（evidence）僅僅只是沒有定論，不代表沒有！所以培養(yǎng)這種敏銳的判斷力非常關(guān)鍵。答案是C，在文中略難看出，通過排除法輕松獲得。

　　?歸納能力
　　當(dāng)然這種能力一般用于解決中心題，目的題，甚至很多推斷題。主要目的是讓學(xué)生概括歸納出一段話的意思，到底作者要說明說明。比如：

　　It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them - especially in America - the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seenas a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and airtravel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businessesof every variety.
　　36.The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce
　　[A] the fierce businesscompetition.
　　[B] the feeble boss-board relations.
　　[C] the threat from newsreports.
　　[D] the severity of data leakage.

　　【解析】這道題問的是“不雨則已一雨傾盆”為了引出什么，什么就是問這段話到底要說明什么。顯然這段話非常難懂，很多學(xué)生看了半天不知所云。那么這時(shí)候能力的差異就體現(xiàn)出來了。有些學(xué)生盡管讀不懂，但是善于挖掘里面的關(guān)鍵信息來概括中心，這段話中的data insecurity就成為了中心思想。答案自然選擇D。當(dāng)然后文也給出推斷點(diǎn)。

　　所以考研閱讀理解盡管看起來難，但是主題還是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生基本素養(yǎng)，個(gè)人認(rèn)為還是很有特色的一種題型。大家多積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)，才能對(duì)于考研英語有一個(gè)非常全面的理解和把握。

　?。▽?shí)習(xí)編輯：趙峰）