摘要:語法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說過很多次了,沒有語法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長難句,也無法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整
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摘要:語法的重要性幫幫已經(jīng)說過很多次了,沒有語法基礎(chǔ)光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長難句,也無法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整理了考研英語語法精煉,希望可以幫助大家更方便的學(xué)習(xí)英語~
副詞可修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語及整個句子。
例句: Andrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family's disappointment. (1997年第3題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,其中副詞much修飾介詞短語to the familys disappointment。
譯文: 我父親的弟弟安德魯不會參加野餐,這令全家人非常失望。
一、副詞的分類
1. 時(shí)間副詞,如now, yesterday, today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently, before, tomorrow。
例句: Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. (選自2004年Text 4)
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 現(xiàn)在美國人不重視智力。
2. 地點(diǎn)副詞,如here, there, above, below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up, anywhere等。
例句: Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (選自2002年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,兩個which引導(dǎo)的定語從句分別修飾an example和a story,前一個 which引導(dǎo)的定語從句為非限制性定語從句,起補(bǔ)充說明作用。
譯文: 比如說,在一次護(hù)士大會上,我聽到了一個能很好地發(fā)揮幽默效果的故事,因?yàn)樗械穆牨姸紝︶t(yī)生持有相同的看法。
3. 程度副詞,如fairly, rather, very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。
例句: She had clearly no intention of doing any work, although she was very well paid.(1997年第34題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,although后面跟的是讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 雖然付給她的報(bào)酬豐厚,但她無意去工作。
4. 頻率副詞,如sometimes, often, usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。
例句: In addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served.
分析: 該句是簡單句,其中builtin意為“內(nèi)嵌式的”。在方式狀語中,that need to be served為定語從句,修飾the functions。
譯文: 此外,根據(jù)需要滿足的功能,設(shè)計(jì)者通常必須選擇家具或設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)嵌式家具。
5.方式副詞,表示動作發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的方式,如quickly,fast,slowly,suddenly,carefully, well, properly, roughly, angrily, rudely。
例句: You would be shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,if引導(dǎo)的從句表示與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬語氣。
譯文: 如果你的臥室內(nèi)部突然變得和飯店內(nèi)部一樣,你可能會大吃一驚。
6.疑問副詞,如when, where, how, why, who。
例句: So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? (選自2002年Text 3)
分析: 該句是特殊疑問句。動詞warn的ing形式作headlines的后置定語,表示一種主動關(guān)系。
譯文: 那么這次警告人們經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條到來的頭版新聞又在哪兒呢?
7.關(guān)系副詞,如when,where,why。
例句: Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句是it is hard to imagine...。其中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是to imagine that...to competition; that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S.是定語從句修飾the same threats; when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up是非限制定語從句修飾a century ago。
譯文: 然而,目前幾家石油公司的合并是否再次給競爭帶來威脅難以預(yù)料。因?yàn)槊绹粋€世紀(jì)前曾由于合并引發(fā)了一場競爭危機(jī),造成了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油托拉斯的解體。
8.連接副詞,如therefore, then, however, otherwise, hence, so, moreover, yet, consequently, besides, nevertheless, when, where, why, how。
例句: It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent. (選自2002年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century。 followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s作定語修飾the introduction。 although its impact on the media...是一個讓步狀語從句。
譯文: 然而,人們普遍認(rèn)為,20世紀(jì)初出現(xiàn)的計(jì)算機(jī)以及隨后在20世紀(jì)60年代發(fā)明的集成電路盡管對傳媒的影響沒有立即顯現(xiàn)出來,但卻徹底改變了發(fā)展進(jìn)程。
9.否定副詞,如rarely,seldom,hardly,scarcely,never。
例句:The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句是簡單句。其中,分詞短語showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby和 holding a cute baby分別作后置定語,修飾cover和mother。
譯文:展現(xiàn)“魅力媽媽懷抱可愛寶寶”的雜志封面并非本周報(bào)攤上唯一對“圣母與圣子”形象的描述。
例句: Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients — notably, protein — to feed expanding tissues. (選自2008年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是Growth demands calories and nutrients to feed expanding tissues。which rarely continues beyond the age of 20是修飾主語growth的非限制性定語從句。后面的破折號起補(bǔ)充說明作用。
譯文: 20歲后很少有人再繼續(xù)長高,長高需要熱量和營養(yǎng),特別是蛋白質(zhì),以滿足身體組織生長的需求。
二、副詞的位置
1.修飾形容詞、副詞,副詞常置于它們之前(enough除外)。
例句: The mechanisms at work are manifest in the tendency for such physical activity to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response. (2000年第14題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,其中不定式to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response作狀語表示目的。
譯文: 在此起作用的機(jī)制顯然有此傾向,即這種身體活動會利用應(yīng)激反應(yīng)中的潛在有害因素。
例句: The newly-built Science Building seems substantial enough to last a hundred.
分析: 該句是簡單句,其中副詞enough作定語修飾形容詞substantial。
譯文: 新建的科學(xué)大樓看上去很堅(jiān)固,一百年也壞不了。
2.修飾實(shí)義動詞時(shí),副詞常置于該動詞后或該動詞賓語后面。
例句: The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don't have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. (1999年第8題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為the solution works only for couples, 而who are self employed,...是修飾couples的定語從句。
譯文: 這一解決辦法只適用于那些自謀職業(yè)、沒有小孩子而且大部分時(shí)間待在一起和睦相處的夫妻。
3.頻率副詞和否定副詞一般取中間位置,置于實(shí)義動詞之前、系動詞be或第一個助動詞之后。
例句: As for the influence of computerization, nowhere have we seen the results more clearly than in the US, which really have surprised us all.
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,which really have surprised us all是一個非限制性定語從句修飾the results,主句中nowhere置于句首引起倒裝。
譯文: 就計(jì)算機(jī)化的影響而言,其結(jié)果在美國比在其他任何地方都明顯,這真使我們驚奇不已。
例句: Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable. (選自2000年Cloze Test)
分析: 該句是一個由but連接的并列句。
譯文: 他自然會努力去獲取低息貸款,但這種貸款并不是經(jīng)常能貸到的。
4.有些副詞修飾整個句子,常置于句前,并用逗號與句子的其他成分隔開。
例句: Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. (2007年第46題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,句子的主干部分是legal learning has been viewed as...rather than...。
譯文: 長久以來,法律知識在這類學(xué)校里一直被視為律師們所專有的,而不是一個受教育者的知識素養(yǎng)的必要組成部分。
例句: Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. (選自2009年Text 1)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是the new habits create parallel pathways。we deliberately press into ourselves是省略了關(guān)系代詞的定語從句,修飾主語the new habits。短語press into的意思是“逼迫,擠入”。另一定語從句that can bypass those old roads修飾主句的賓語parallel pathways,that作從句的主語。
譯文: 相反,我們有意培養(yǎng)的新習(xí)慣會形成平行的路徑以避開那些原有習(xí)慣的軌道。
5.幾個副詞連在一起,順序一般為方式副詞+地點(diǎn)副詞+時(shí)間副詞(或把時(shí)間副詞置于句首)。
例句: Jane lived isolatedly方式in the town地點(diǎn)for ten years.時(shí)間
6.疑問副詞常置于句首。
例句: Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? (選自2001年Text 3)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作distrust的賓語。
譯文: 為什么那么多的美國人不相信自己在報(bào)刊上看到的東西呢?
三、副詞的特殊情況
1. 英語中有些副詞有兩種形式: 一種與形容詞形式相同,一種形式是以ly結(jié)尾,但其意義和用法有所不同,如:
clean完全地 cleanly干凈地
close接近地 closely緊密地(表抽象概念)
free免費(fèi)地,隨意地 freely率直地
hard努力 hardly幾乎不
high高 highly高度地,非常
late遲,晚 lately近來
pretty相當(dāng),頗 prettily漂亮地
fair公平 fairly公正地;相當(dāng)
most最,頗 mostly主要地,多半地
just剛才,正好 justly公正地
direct直接地 directly直接地,坦率,馬上
例句: Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (選自2002年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty是定語從句,修飾work。
譯文: 自從人類具有了獨(dú)創(chuàng)性以來,人們發(fā)明了越來越精巧的工具來應(yīng)付那些危險(xiǎn)、枯燥、繁重或者僅僅是令人討厭的工作。
例句: The American dream is most plausible during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism. (1999年第25題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,generated by American capitalism為過去分詞作后置定語,修飾the periods。
譯文: 在美國的資本主義帶來生產(chǎn)率的提高與財(cái)富增加的那段時(shí)期,美國夢是最有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
例句: "In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go, ”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. (選自2008年Text 3)
分析: 引號內(nèi)的句子是簡單句,主句部分是weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,介詞短語in the general population today和at this genetic...在句中作狀語。
譯文: 懷特州立大學(xué)的人類學(xué)家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利指出: “在今天的一般人群中,在這種基因和環(huán)境水平上,我們已經(jīng)達(dá)到了我們所能達(dá)到的高度。”
2.以ly結(jié)尾的詞大部分是副詞,但以下由名詞+ly構(gòu)成的詞卻是形容詞,如:
brotherly scholarly(學(xué)者風(fēng)度的) heavenly(天堂的)
homely friendly masterly(高明的)
likely lovelycostly
childly quarterly(按季度的)manly
leisurely(從容不迫的,悠閑的)
例句: Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. (選自2001年Text 3)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中分詞短語compared with other Americans作狀語表示比較,謂語動詞show后有由and連接的兩個并列賓語從句。
譯文:結(jié)果表明,與其他美國人相比,記者更有可能居住在質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)高的地段,有仆人、奔馳車及股票。他們不大可能去做禮拜、當(dāng)志愿者或在普通社區(qū)居住。
四、副詞的比較級與最高級
副詞的比較級與最高級的變化規(guī)則和用法與形容詞的變化相同,但在副詞的最高級前可省掉定冠詞the。
例句: Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.(選自2011年Use of English)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分是Those...reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those...,其中did代替了與主句相同的謂語部分reacted enthusiastically to funny cartoons,正常語序?yàn)?..than those...did。另外,分詞短語forced to exercise their smiling muscles作后置定語,修飾主語those;whose mouths were contracted in a frown是一個定語從句,修飾句中的第二個those;suggesting that...是分詞短語作狀語,表示結(jié)果,相當(dāng)于which引導(dǎo)的一個非限制性定語從句。
譯文:那些被迫鍛煉笑肌的人比那些嘴形收縮得猶如緊皺的眉毛般的人對滑稽的卡通動畫的反應(yīng)更為強(qiáng)烈,這表明表情也可以影響情緒而非只能是情緒影響表情。
例句:The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long. (選自2011年Text 2)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,主句的主干部分是The people are those,兩個定語從句who've been hurt the worst 和whove stayed too long分別修飾先行詞the people和those。
譯文:受傷害最深的就是那些待得太久的人。
例句:Among other students in his class, he studies (the) hardest.
譯文:他在班上學(xué)習(xí)最刻苦。
五、易混淆的副詞和形容詞
(一)such,so
such是形容詞,如such+a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,或such+不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù);so是副詞,如so+形容詞+a(an)+單數(shù)名詞。
注意:在so+形容詞+a(an)+單數(shù)名詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞不可改為復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如so beautiful girls就是錯誤形式,應(yīng)改為: such beautiful girls。
另外such,so都可接that從句,形式為such...that/so...that,稱之為結(jié)果狀語從句。
例句:Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. (選自2008年Text 4)
分析:該句是簡單句,主干部分是such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia, would have required表示與過去事實(shí)相反的推測,only a decade earlier在句中作狀語,表示時(shí)間。
譯文:要是再早上10年,這種舉動必須獲得弗吉尼亞州立法委的批準(zhǔn)。
例句:The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapair of fabricating their data. (2004年第43題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,that引導(dǎo)一結(jié)果狀語從句,短語accuse sb. of sth.意為“指責(zé)、指控某人某事”。
譯文:這些新近被描述的語言與已經(jīng)被充分研究的歐洲和東南亞地區(qū)的語言往往差別顯著,以至于有些學(xué)者甚至指責(zé)Boas和Sapair編造了材料。
例句:Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life. (選自2007年Text 2)
分析:該句是簡單句,其中形容詞短語necessary to succeed in school and in life作定語修飾elements。
譯文:這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試并不能測出在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功所必需的重要因素。
例句:The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that at intervals the speakers stopped for refreshments. (1996年第26題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句。
譯文:討論是那樣的冗長而乏味,以至于發(fā)言的人不時(shí)地停下來喝點(diǎn)飲料。
(二)very,much
very修飾形容詞原級和副詞;much(或very much)修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞的比較級和最高級。
例句:Ted had told me that he always escaped being fined as he had got a very fast sport car.
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中being fined是動名詞一般式的被動式,在句中作謂語動詞escape的賓語。
譯文:泰德告訴我,因?yàn)樗幸惠v速度很快的賽車,所以總是能逃脫罰款。
例句:Mercury's velocity is so much greater than the Earth's that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one. (1996年第20題)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,so...that是一個表結(jié)果的句子結(jié)構(gòu),time后是一個省略了關(guān)系詞which(或that)的定語從句。
譯文:水星的周轉(zhuǎn)速度要比地球快得多,以至于在地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)一圈的時(shí)間內(nèi),水星能繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)四圈多。
(三)too much,much too (far too)
too much+不可數(shù)名詞; much too/far too+形容詞或副詞原級。
例句:The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. (選自2006年Text 4)
分析:冒號后內(nèi)容是對其前內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋。
譯文:事實(shí)上,真正的原因可能恰恰相反。今天的世界有太多太多的快樂了。
例句:I don't like eating chocolate. The taste is much too sweet.
譯文:我不喜歡吃巧克力,味道太甜了。
(四)also, too, either
also, too用于肯定句,also多用于正式場合,too多為習(xí)慣用法,而either用于否定句。
例句:I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be bound to it.
分析:該句是由but引導(dǎo)的并列句,其中短語be bound to sth.意為“必定,作保證”。
譯文:我支持你的決定,但也應(yīng)該說清楚,我并不打算非得按照你的決定做。
例句:Careless use of words prevents a meeting of the minds of the speaker and the listener, too.
分析:該句是簡單句。
譯文:用詞粗心大意往往也會阻礙說話人和聽話人的思想交流。
例句:Mary is not a Christian; John is not a Christian, either.
譯文:瑪麗不是基督徒,約翰也不是。
例句:But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. (選自2004年Text 3)
分析:該句是復(fù)合句,其中在not...as...as結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一個as是副詞修飾many,而第二個as是連詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句,表方式。
譯文:但對這位47歲的美甲師來說,現(xiàn)在到她這兒來修剪、銼磨或上油的人卻不如她希望的那么多。
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