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2020考研英語秘籍:語法精煉之代詞(上)

  摘要:語法的重要性幫幫已經說過很多次了,沒有語法基礎光靠背單詞是不可能讀懂長難句,也無法在閱讀上取得高分的。為了方便大家記憶,幫幫整理了考研英語語法精煉,希望可以幫助大家更方便的學習英語~

  一、人稱代詞

  (一)人稱代詞的主格、賓格

  人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語、表語,賓格作及物動詞或介詞的賓語,主格和賓格不可混用。

  例句: When school was over, Jack and me went home together.

  分析: me應改為I,因為它處在主語的位置上。

  譯文:Jack和我在放學后一起回家。

  例句: Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect. (1996年第14題)

  分析: 該句是復合句,其中which a person smokes是修飾each cigarette的定語從句,he指代前面的a person。

  譯文: 一個人吸的每一支煙都對他的身體有害,最終他將因吸煙患上一種嚴重的疾病。

  (二) it的用法

  1. 代替除人以外的一切生物或事物(可代替單個詞、詞組或句子)。

  例句: The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. (2000年第19題)

  分析: 該句是復合句,其中he composes是省略了關系代詞which/that的定語從句,修飾the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作狀語修飾enjoys。

  譯文: 理想的聽眾是當音樂奏響時既能置身其中又可超然其外的人,并且?guī)缀蹩梢韵褡髑以趧?chuàng)作音樂時那樣享受音樂。

  例句: You have saved my life and I will never forget it.

  分析: it指you have saved my life。

  譯文: 你曾經挽救過我的生命,我決不會忘記這件事。

  2. 表示時間、距離、天氣等自然現(xiàn)象。

  例句: It is time now to tell the Americans they are on the wrong track.

  譯文: 現(xiàn)在是時候告訴美國人他們走錯路了。

  例句: She didn't come back until it was 12:00.

  譯文: 直到12點她才回來。

  例句: It is about 50 miles to school.

  譯文: 到學校大概50英里。

  3. 作形式主語(真正的主語為動名詞、不定式或主語從句)

  例句: But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood aren't in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience. (選自2011年Text 4)

  分析: 該句是復合句。其中it是形式主語,真正的主語是to wonder if the images aren't contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience;we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood是一個定語從句,修飾the images;介詞短語in some small, subconscious way作狀語,表示方式。

  譯文: 我們想知道每周看到的“毫無壓力、提升幸福感”的為人父母形象是否在以某種細微的、潛意識的方式加劇我們對現(xiàn)行生活體驗的不滿呢?這很有意思。

  例句: In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. (2007年第49題)

  分析: 該句是復合句。it是形式主語,定語從句who do not have a clear grasp...Constitution修飾journalists,can do是賓語從句how...的謂語部分。

  譯文: 事實上,很難想象那些對加拿大憲法的基本要點缺乏清晰了解的新聞記者能勝任政治新聞的報道工作。

  4. 作形式賓語

  例句: The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. (選自2011年Text 2)

  分析: 該句是簡單句。其中it作形式賓語,真正的賓語是to be between jobs or to leave a bad one,more acceptable作賓語補足語。

  譯文: 金融危機已經使得等待工作機會或者辭去糟糕的工作這種行為更容易被人接受了。

  例句: There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter what he does. (1998年第7題)

  分析: 該句是簡單句。no matter what he does在句中作狀語,表示讓步,分詞短語making...作over 100 night schools的補足語。

  譯文: 這個城市有100多所夜校,這使得專業(yè)人員無論從事什么工作都有可能接受再教育。

  5. 引出強調句(強調謂語以外的其他成分)

  用強調句型: It is/was+被強調部分+that(who/whom/which)+其他部分,被強調部分常為主語(從句)、賓語(從句)、狀語(從句),強調狀語時不能用when或where,要用that,翻譯成漢語時被強調部分常用“是”、“正是”等來表示強調含義。判斷是不是強調句的標準是去掉“it is/was”和“that(who/whom/which)”,如果余下部分是一個完整的句子,說明原句是一個強調句,否則就是一個由it作形式主語的句子。

  例句: It was during the same time that the communications revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20th century world of the motor car and the airplane. (選自2002年Use of English)

  分析: 該句是復合句。分詞短語beginning with...作主語the communications revolution的補足語,該強調句強調狀語during the same time。

  譯文: 與此同時,通訊革命也在加速發(fā)展,從交通運輸、鐵路開始,發(fā)展到電報、電話、無線電和電影再到20世紀的汽車和飛機。

  例句: Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. (選自1998年Text 1)

  分析: 該句是簡單句。句子主干為humankind's long suffering...makes...so fascinating。其中短語at the mercy of...意為“聽憑……擺布,完全受……支配”。

  譯文: 也許正是由于人類長期聽任旱澇之災的擺布,才使得讓洪水聽從人類的調遣這種理想令人如此癡迷。

  二、物主代詞

  (一)物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞

  形容詞性物主代詞只能修飾名詞而不能代替名詞,而名詞性物主代詞可以代替名詞詞組,即“形容詞性物主代詞+前面所提到的名詞”。

  例句: All the off shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read affectionate letters from their families. (1998年第35題)

  分析: 該句是復合句。出現(xiàn)了as引導的時間狀語從句。

  譯文: 海洋石油勘探隊員們讀情深意濃的家書時個個情緒高漲。

  例句: He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible, but hers is quite good.

  分析: 該句是并列句。第一部分是個復合句,出現(xiàn)了as引導的原因狀語從句。

  譯文: 他因為糟糕的發(fā)音而不夠資格當英文老師,但她的發(fā)音卻非常好。

  (二)不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞修飾名詞。

  如:不同性別的形容詞性物主代詞同時修飾一個名詞時,男性物主代詞置于女性物主代詞前。

  例句: Who do you like best, his or her friends?

  譯文: 你最喜歡他的還是她的朋友?

  (三)名詞性物主代詞(除its外)可與介詞of搭配,構成雙重所有格

  a/an/some/any/no/another/each/such/several/which/this/that/these/those+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。

  如:

  a book of mine

  no fault of hers

  that pen of his

  例句: In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for additions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problems. (選自2006年Part B)

  分析: 該句是簡單句。got和wrote是兩個并列的謂語動詞。

  譯文: 1998年3月,威廉姆斯的一個朋友把他強行送入一家戒賭治療中心,并寫信通知賭場有關威廉姆斯的賭博問題。

  三、反身代詞

  反身代詞在句中作賓語、表語和同位語,使用時注意反身代詞與其指代對象在人稱、數(shù)和性上保持一致。

  例句: According to one belief, if truth is to be known, it will make itself apparent, so one had better wait instead of searching for it. (2001年第3題)

  分析: 該句是復合句,其中had better+ do意為“最好做某事”。

  譯文: 按照一種觀點,真理若想眾人皆知,真理就應該顯而易見,所以人們最好是等待而不是去探尋它。

  例句: Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to avail myself of every chance to improve my English. (1999年第35題)

  分析: 該句是簡單句。avail oneself of...意為“利用(機會等)”。

  譯文: 我敬愛的導師懷特教授經常提醒我抓住每個機會提高英語水平。

  例句: The house belongs to myself.(作介詞賓語)

  譯文:這套房子是我自己的。

  You yourself did wrong to him.(作同位語)

  譯文:是你對他犯了錯。

  四、相互代詞

  相互代詞只有each other和one another兩種,通常前者表示兩者之間的相互關系,后者表示兩者以上的人或事物之間的相互關系。

  例句: Language, culture, and personality may be considered independently of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. (1996年第31題)

  分析: 該句是由but引導的并列句。

  譯文: 在意識形態(tài)中,語言、文化和個性可能被認為是相互獨立的,但事實上它們是不可分割的。

  例句: In Europe, as elsewhere, multi media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. (2005年第47題)

  分析: 該句是復合句。句子主干為multimedia groups have been increasingly successful groups。定語從句which bring together...修飾groups,其中television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses作bring的賓語,即bring...together, 另一個定語從句that work in relation to one another修飾其前面的幾個名詞。

  譯文: 在歐洲,像在其他地方一樣,傳媒集團擴張越來越成功,這些集團將相關的電視、 廣播、報紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。

  注意: 相互代詞的所有格形式為each other's,one another's,其后接不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式,不能接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。

  五、指示代詞

  (一)this,that和these,those

  指示代詞this和that的復數(shù)形式分別為these和those,在句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語,this和these表示較近的空間或時間,that和those表示較遠的空間和時間。

  例句: In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women pursuing this field is climbing.

  分析: 該句是并列句。

  譯文: 過去林業(yè)工人多半是男人,可如今從事這一行業(yè)的婦女人數(shù)在增加。

  例句: We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2004年第62題)

  分析: 該句是復合句,主句為We are obliged to them。because引導一個狀語從句,定語從句who spoke them修飾the peoples,as引導的句子可以看做插入語,補充說明 some of these languages have since vanished的原因。

  譯文: 我們之所以感激他們(兩位先驅),是因為在此以后,這些語言中有一些已經不復存在了,這是由于使用這些語言的民族或是消亡了,或是被同化而喪失了自己的本族語言。

  (二)指示代詞that和those也可用于比較結構,表示前面提到的東西,避免重復

  例句: The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half that of last year's. (1996年第7題)

  分析: 該句是簡單句,本句的主語是單數(shù)名詞number,因此后面指代它的代詞只能是單數(shù)that,謂語用單數(shù)。

  譯文: 今年登記參加馬拉松賽跑的人數(shù)是去年的一半。

  例句: His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006年第47題)

  分析: 該句是復合句,主句為His function is analogous to that of a judge。定語從句who must accept...修飾a judge,介詞短語in as obvious a matter as possible作狀語,用來說明reveal的方式,另一個定語從句which led him to his decision修飾the course of reasoning。

  譯文: 他的職責與法官相似,必須承擔這樣的責任: 用盡可能明了的方式來展示自己作出決定的推理過程。

  例句: These bunches of flowers are more beautiful than those we bought yesterday.

  譯文: 這些束花比昨天我們買的那些花漂亮多了。

  (三)指示代詞such在句中作主語、表語和定語

  例句: Such is what you want me to do.

  Such are the meanings of authentic love.

  (such作表語時,往往置于句首)

  注意: such用作定語時和副詞so的區(qū)別在前面副詞一節(jié)中已提到。

  (四)指示代詞same的用法

  在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語,其前與定冠詞the連用。

  例句: Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements — usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes nitrogen. (選自1996年Cloze Test)

  分析: 該句是復合句。

  譯文: 因為是由同樣的元素構成——通常是碳、氫、氧,有時還有氮,所以各種維生素都很相似。

  六、疑問代詞

  疑問代詞用來構成特殊疑問句,其中who(whom/whose)指人,what指物,which指選擇對象。

  例句: What's the difference between love and fondness or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? (選自2007年Text 2)

  分析: 該句是由or連接的兩個簡單句(特殊疑問句)。

  譯文: 愛情與喜歡有什么區(qū)別,幸運和巧合的本質是什么?

  七、關系代詞

  關系代詞包括who(whom,whose),that和which。that只能引導限制性定語從句,其他關系代詞既可引導限制性定語從句也可引導非限制性定語從句,具體用法詳見定語從句一節(jié)。

  八、不定代詞

  (一)both,all

  1. both用于兩者,all用于三者及三者以上,其后接名詞復數(shù)形式,謂語動詞用復數(shù),在句中可作主語、賓語、定語和同位語。

  例句: Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 BC.

  分析: 該句是復合句,suggest是主句的謂語動詞,that Indians and their neighbors...是一個賓語從句。

  譯文: 來自兩個地區(qū)的史前遺跡中的類似成分表明: 印度人和他們的鄰居甚至在公元前1500年前就維持著遙遠但真實的聯(lián)系。

  例句: In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (2000年第74題)

  分析: 該句是并列復合句,whereas連接兩個并列分句,其中前一個分句的主句部分為the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century,而介詞短語with...為主語補足語,定語從句that followed修飾changes。

  譯文: 在早先實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家中,其工業(yè)化進程以及隨之而來的對社會結構有深遠影響的變革延續(xù)了將近一個世紀,而現(xiàn)如今,一個發(fā)展中國家只用十年左右的時間就可以經歷同樣的過程。

  2. all作代詞時,其后謂語動詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復數(shù)。

  例句: All the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.

  分析: 該句是復合句,其中主干部分是All the information...adds up to very little,we have collected in relation to that case 是修飾the information的定語從句。

  譯文: 我們搜集到的與那件事有關的所有信息都是沒有意義的。

  例句: All but he and I are going to attend the meeting.

  譯文: 除了我和他之外,所有人都去開會了。

  3. both,all,every和not連用時表示部分否定。

  例句:But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain” ) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (選自2005年Text 3)

  分析: 該句是由分號及while連接的并列句,分號相當于連詞and,not all...表示部分否定。

  譯文: 但并不是大腦的所有部分都參與活動,控制情緒的大腦部位異常活躍,然而控制智力和推理能力的前額皮質卻相對平靜。

  例句: Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (選自2002年Use of English)

  分析: 該句是簡單句。

  譯文: 不是每個人都能正確看待這個過程。

  (實習小編:時達迪)

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