2015研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試試題及解析（英語一）

　　2015研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試試題（英語一）
　　Section 1 Use of English
　　Directions:Readthe following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
　　Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is   1   a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has   2  .
　　The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted   3   1932 unique subjects which   4   pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both   5  .
　　While 1% may seem    6   , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, "Most people do not even   7   their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who    8    our kin."
　　The team also developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.
　　The study   9    found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now.    10  , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more   11   it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that   12    us in choosing genetically similar friends   13   than "functional kinship" of being friends with   14  !
　　One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15    than other genes. Studying this could help    16    why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major    17   factor.
　　The findings do not simply corroborate people's    18    to befriend those of similar  19    backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to   20   that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
　　1    A what    B why    C how    D when
　　2    A defended    B concluded    C withdrawn    D advised
　　3    A for    B with    C by    D on
　　4    A separated    B sought    C compared    D connected
　　5    A tests    B objects    C samples    D examples
　　6    A insignificant    B unexpected    C unreliable    D incredible
　　7    A visit    B miss    C know    D seek
　　8    A surpass    B influence    C favor    D resemble
　　9    A again    B also    C instead    D thus
　　10    A Meanwhile    B Furthermore    C Likewise    D Perhaps
　　11    A about    B to    C from    D like
　　12    A limit    B observe    C confuse    D drive
　　13    A according to    B rather than    C regardless of    D along with
　　14    A chances    B responses    C benefits    D missions
　　15    A faster    B slower    C later    D earlier
　　16    A forecast    B remember    C express    D understand
　　17    A unpredicted    B contributory    C controllable    D disruptive
　　18    A tendency    B decision    C arrangement    D endeavor
　　19    A political    B religious    C ethnic    D economic
　　20    A see    B show    C prove    D tell
　　答案解析
　　1、A what    本句的句意是：這就是加利福尼亞大學和耶魯大學在美國國家科學院報告上聯(lián)合發(fā)表的研究成果。第一個空考察表語從句的引導詞。
　　2、B concluded    本句的句意是：這就是加利福尼亞大學和耶魯大學在美國國家科學院報告上聯(lián)合發(fā)表的研究成果。第二個空為針對從句謂語進行的詞義考察。
　　3、D on    本句前半句的句意是：這項研究是一個基于1932個獨特個體的基因組廣譜分析。考察Conduct on詞組，進行。從句意為：它對成對兒的非親緣朋友和陌生人進行比較。
　　4、C compared    比較，根據(jù)上下文及后一句的same知道，比較為最佳。
　　5、C samples    詞義題，樣本，C為最佳選項。
　　6、A insignificant    詞義題，1%，以及后面的not so轉折，判斷，A insignificant不顯著，為最佳選項。
　　7、C know    句意為：一些人雖然并不認識他們第四代的表親，但他們選擇的朋友卻和這些親戚頗有相似之處。
　　8、D resemble    詞義題，和上一個空形成轉折。
　　9、B also    上下文邏輯題，發(fā)現(xiàn)了，還發(fā)現(xiàn)了。Also為最佳選項。
　　10、D Perhaps    結合上下文：這一現(xiàn)象很難解釋，后面接原因，原因"可能"是……最符合文章大意。
　　11、B to    介詞題，意為：就像這個科研團隊所發(fā)現(xiàn)的，這個因素不僅把我們帶到詳細的環(huán)境中來，更有一些深層次的影響。
　　12、D drive    詞義題，根據(jù)上下文，對我們產(chǎn)生影響，驅使我們……drive為最佳選項。
　　13、B rather than    邏輯題，基因上相似的，功能上相似的，二者對立不能同時存在，rather than不是…而是最符合。
　　14、C benefits    跟"功能"搭配，選個褒義詞，帶來好處的，最佳。
　　15、A faster    詞義題，根據(jù)后半句解釋，這就是為什么"picked pace"加速，這里只能選faster，一些比另外一些進化得更快，符合文意。
　　16、D understand    詞義題，這個研究可以幫助我們理解一個事實。
　　17、B contributory    本句意為：社會環(huán)境是最主要的一個因素。Contributory貢獻，最佳。
　　18、A tendency    結合文章主旨，選擇基因相似的人做朋友是普遍現(xiàn)象，tendency趨勢傾向最符合。
　　19、C ethnic    同義替換，基因背景相似，種族的，民族的，最符合。
　　20、A see    本句意為：盡管所有的研究對象都取自歐洲血統(tǒng)，研究者也花心思確保了所有（用于比對的）朋友和陌生人也源自該血統(tǒng)中的同一支系。

　　Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
　　Text 1
　　King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, dies the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the uniting is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
　　The Spanish case previous arguments both for and against monarchy when public opinion is particularly. Polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of national unity.
　　It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region is the world, with 10 kingdoms not counting Vatican city and Andorra. But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respect public figure.
　　Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside, symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomes Piketty and other ecumenists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Prince and princess have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
　　While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
　　It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-healed) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings of republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.
　　21、according to the first two paragraphs, king Juan Carl of span
　　[A] used to enjoy high public support
　　[B] was unpopular among European royals
　　[C] ended his reign in embarrassment
　　[D] eased his relationship with his rivals
　　22、monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly
　　[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
　　[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
　　[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to
　　[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment
　　23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
　　[A] Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
　　[B] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
　　[C] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
　　[D] The nobility's adherence to their privileges.
　　24. The British royals "have most to fear" because Charles
　　[A] takes a tough line on political issues.
　　[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised.
　　[C] takes republicans as his potential allies.
　　[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role.
　　25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
　　[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
　　[B] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
　　[C] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
　　[D] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
　　解析：
　　21 D ended his reign in embarrassment
　　此題屬于細節(jié)題。
　　根據(jù)關鍵詞King Juan Carlos of Spain 定位到第一段第一和第二句。But embarrassing scandals…have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 此處stand down譯為放棄席位。因此D ended his reign in embarrassment是原文內(nèi)容的同義替換。
　　22 A owing to their undoubted and respectable status
　　此題屬于細節(jié)題。
　　根據(jù)關鍵詞定位到第三段第一句it is this apparent …that explains …as heads of state.和第三句But unlike their absolutist…most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for ...respected public figure. 絕大多數(shù)皇室家族使得選民避免了尋找受人尊敬的公眾人物的麻煩。因此A owing to their undoubted and respectable status是原文內(nèi)容的同義替換。
　　23 B the role of the nobility in modern democracies
　　此題屬于細節(jié)題。
　　根據(jù)關鍵詞定位到第四段最后一句話…it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states 奇怪的是有錢的貴族家庭仍然處于現(xiàn)代民主國家的核心地位。因此B the role of the nobility in modern democracies是原文內(nèi)容的同義替換。
　　24 B fails to change his lifestyle as advised
　　此題屬于細節(jié)題。
　　根據(jù)關鍵詞"have most of fear"定位到第六段，Charles定位到最后一段的地二句Charles 后面who引導定語從句who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and …world因此B fails to change his lifestyle as advised是原文內(nèi)容的同義替換。
　　25 C Carlos，a Lesson for All European Monarchs
　　此題屬于全文主旨題。
　　著眼全文，通篇都在圍繞monarchs展開。第一段由Carlos引出當今君主制面臨的危機。因此Carlos，a Lesson for All European Monarchs是全文內(nèi)容的精確概括。
　　Text 2
　　Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
　　California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
　　The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
　　They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of "cloud computing," meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
　　But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
　　26. The Supreme Court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to
　　[A] search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.
　　[B] check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.
　　[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
　　[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
　　27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of
　　[A] tolerance.
　　[B] indifference.
　　[C] disapproval.
　　[D] cautiousness.
　　28. The author believes that exploring one's phone content is comparable to
　　[A] getting into one's residence.
　　[B] handing one's historical records.
　　[C] scanning one's correspondences.
　　[D] going through one's wallet.
　　29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that
　　[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.
　　[B] the court is giving police less room for action.
　　[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.
　　[D] citizens' privacy is not effective protected.
　　30.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that
　　(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.
　　(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
　　(C)California's argument violates principles of the Constitution.
　　(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
　　T2
　　26 答案B check suspects' phone contents without being authorized
　　解析：細節(jié)題。根據(jù)自然段定位原則，定位到首段。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞supreme court，whether精確定位到第一段最后一句whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone….，與選項進行對應，即為B在不授權的情況下檢查嫌疑人的電話信息。注意A選項應是search contents。
　　27 答案 C disapproval
　　解析：態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干California's argument定位到第二段最后一句及第三段首句，這些句子中提到hard… recklessly modest…等負向詞，表達的是負面態(tài)度。看選項屬于負面的就是disapproval。A 容忍，B冷漠是典型錯誤，D粗心。
　　28 答案A getting into one's residence
　　解析：細節(jié)題。題干問：作者認為搜索電話薄就相當于什么？根據(jù)段落界定原則定位到第四段轉折處，提到But exploring one's smart phone is more like entering his or her home.與選項對應，A中的residence對應home，是原文的同意替換。注意D選項不是作者的觀點，不能將文中人物觀點當作作者觀點。
　　29 答案D citizens' privacy is not effective protected
　　解析：細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到5段和6段，題干問作者最關注的是什么，即是相應段落的段落中心。因此，該題表面是細節(jié)題，實質為段落核心。5段首句為中心句提到，應采取措施保護數(shù)據(jù)隱私；6段又繼續(xù)陳述原則的不恰當之處。根據(jù)這些內(nèi)容，對應答案D 市民隱私未能得到有效保護。
　　30 答案 B New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
　　解析：例證題。題干問的是引用Orin Kerr的目的是什么，即Orin Kerr是論據(jù)，其目的是論點。論點往往在論據(jù)的前面，所以要找例子前面的一句話，即New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections.與選項對應，就是B new technology是原詞復現(xiàn)，require等同于demands，reinterpretation of the Constitution同義替換applications of the Constitution's protections。
　　Text 3
　　The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
　　"Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
　　Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the 'statistics board'was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."
　　Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to "play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."
　　31. It can be learned from Paragraph I that
　　[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.
　　[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
　　[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
　　[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
　　32. The phrase 'flagged up" (Para.2)is the closest in meaning to
　　[A]found.
　　[B]revised.
　　[C]marked
　　[D]stored
　　33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
　　[A]pose a threat to all its peers
　　[B]meet with strong opposition
　　[C]increase Science's circulation.
　　[D]set an example for other journals
　　34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
　　A. adds to researchers' workload.
　　B. diminishes the role of reviewers.
　　C. has room for further improvement.
　　D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.
　　35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
　　A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
　　B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
　　C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' Desks
　　D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
　　Text 3
　　31. 答案 B journals are strengthening their statistical checks 段落推斷題 考查的是段落中心句，定位在首段首句 The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in- chief  Marcia McNott announced today.  《科學》 雜志將要對同行評審過程增加額外的資源。與選項B同意替換。
　　32. 答案 C marked 詞義句意題 根據(jù)所猜短語flagged up 所在句子的句意，手稿將被flagged up以供雜志編輯、現(xiàn)有的編輯評審委員會或外部同行審查。比較四個選項，只有C marked 被標記，符合題意。
　　33. 答案 D set an example for other journals 觀點細節(jié)題 定位在四段末句 This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science. 這不僅對于《科學》 雜志本身的出版有影響，還有希望影響其它的出版社，這些出版社想繼《科學》 雜志之后樹立自己的典型形象。選項D是這句話的概括總結。
　　34. 答案 D has room for further improvement 觀點細節(jié)題 定位在末段末句，Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians "has some merit, but a weakness is that ...."Vaux 認為《科學》 雜志的想法有一些好處，但是有個缺點是....這就說明這個想法是有進一步改進的空間的。
　　35. 答案 A Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers  主旨大意題 本文首段首句就是全文主題句，《科學》 雜志將要對同行評審過程增加額外的資源，而且全文其它各個段落都在圍繞對這一想法不同專家的不同態(tài)度在論述，所以選項A是對全文中心的完整表達。
　　Text 4
　　Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market. But "it's us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit".
　　Driving her point home, she continued: "It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
　　As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still unfolds.
　　In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defense was that she knew nothing.
　　In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
　　The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.
　　36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by
　　(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.
　　(B) companies' financial loss due to immoral practices
　　(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
　　(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
　　37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
　　(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.
　　(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
　　(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
　　(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
　　38. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks's defense
　　(A) revealed a cunning personality.
　　(B) centered on trivial issues.
　　(C) was hardly convincing.
　　(D) was part of a conspiracy.
　　39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
　　(A) generally distorted values.
　　(B) unfair wealth distribution.
　　(C) a marginalized lifestyle.
　　(D) a rigid moral code.
　　40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
　　(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.
　　(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.
　　(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.
　　(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
　　36. 答案A. The consequences of the current sorting mechanism. 因果細節(jié)題  題目問到Elisbeth 因什么而感到沮喪。定位在第一段第二句 Intergrity had collapsed, ..., because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market, 由于社會中唯一的分類機制是利潤和市場這一共同的觀念，導致了正直這種道德品質的淪喪。
　　37. 答案 B more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking  段落推斷題  定位到第三段第一句 As the hacking trial concludes.... the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands 正如竊聽案總結的那樣，仍然存在更廣泛的dearth of integrity 的事件，與選項B 對應。
　　38. 答案 C was hardly convincing  觀點細節(jié)題 根據(jù)第四段第二句中astonishing，how little...,how little... She never ... 以及第三句中She knew nothing 的語氣判斷作者的態(tài)度是認為RB的辯護是沒有說服力的。
　　39. 答案 A generally distorted values  觀點細節(jié)題 題干定位在第五段第三句，答案定位在隨后的第四、第五句。 The current collective doctrine 認為重要的是 efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value...., 而認為justice, fairness....不重要，故扭曲了價值觀。
　　40. 答案是C     moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper. 段落推斷題 定位在最后一段前兩句。世界新聞雜志的目的不是提升讀者的理解能力。。。。而是為了發(fā)行量和影響力而毀了人們的生活。從ruined the lives 的表達能看出作者希望雜志所做的是提高其道德意識，與C選項對應。
　　Part B
　　Directions:
　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
　　How does your reading proceed? Clearly, you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41)________________. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is evolved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where?
　　The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension but they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) ________________
　　Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relationship of the text to the world. (43) _____________
　　Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _____________. This does not, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page---including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns--- debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of belief and values.
　　How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) _____________. Such dimensions of reading suggest---as others introduced later in the book will also do--that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It does not then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
　　[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
　　[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
　　[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
　　[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
　　[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
　　[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author's own thoughts.
　　[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organizations or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
　　41　【C】
　　解析：41段中空，所以要看上句?？涨芭c空后句中的主語是you,因此正確選項在C、D中存在，此其一也；Ｄ中出現(xiàn)了reconstruct（重組）邏輯上是再次發(fā)生，與位于句首的邏輯發(fā)生了敘述上的矛盾。故排除Ｄ選擇Ｃ。另外，Ｃ中的words or idioms和meanings 在41空前句重現(xiàn)，因為前句中有identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them。
　　42 【E】
　　解析：42 段尾空，所以看上一句話?？涨耙痪渲械闹髡Z是you,因此正確選項在C、D、E中存在，此其一也；其二，該句中主句謂語動詞是infer, 與E中的賓語inferences構成邏輯對應關系。故排除Ｃ和Ｄ選擇E。另外,42空前兩句提到了閱讀時我們會active engagement in inference and problem-solving, 并針對作者文中的specific evidence and clues　進行信息的推測。Ｅ選項中further 一詞表明延續(xù)此話題，用for instance 具體舉例說明我們對文章信息作怎么樣的推測。
　　43【G】
　　解析：43段尾空，應重點看本段上一句。同時下段開頭出現(xiàn)了代詞such background，而G中最后一句中的background與之形成邏輯對應關系。故選擇G。另外，G中Rather表示轉折，與43空前句開頭的not 構成"not… rather…"的"不是……而是……"結構
　　44【B】
　　解析：44段中空，看上下句。此段空前句中有關鍵詞background，空后句中有關鍵詞interpretation; background邏輯上對應G中最后一句中的background，而interpretation 邏輯對應B中最后一句中的interpretations. 故選擇B。另外，B中Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class 是44空前who we are的具體闡述。
　　45【A】
　　解析：45段中空，看上下句。最后一段首句主語是we, 所有選項中只有A和G的主語是we;但是G中首詞是轉折詞Rather，與首句邏輯矛盾，故排除G選擇A。另外，A中具體描述了許多不同的閱讀目的和方式，此為對45空前句How we read a given text 和our particular interest in reading it 的具體闡述。A中的信息是45空后句such dimensions of reading 的指代對象。
　　Part C Translation
　　Directions:
　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
　　Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration -one of the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
　　47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. 48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
　　49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on meager rations. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes tempests blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought interminable delay.
　　To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one chronicler, "The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden." The colonists' first glimpse of the new land was a vista of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
　　文章來源于An Outline of American History，《美國歷史綱要》，是一本歷史學方面的專著。
　　46) This movement, driven by powerful motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
　　【句子結構】本句的主干為：this movement built a nation and shaped the character and destiny。driven by powerful motivations為過去分詞做狀語，分隔了主謂。out of a wilderness和by its nature為介詞短語做狀語，分別修飾built和shaped。
　　【參考譯文】受到多種強大的動機驅動，這次移民在一片荒野上建起了一個國家，由于其本質，它也塑造了一個未知大陸的性格和命運。
　　47) The United States is the product of two principal forces--the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.
　　【句子結構】本句主干為The United States is the product。破折號之后the immigration and the impact為two principal forces。of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics為the immigration的定語，of a new country為the impact的定語，之后which引導定語從句，修飾a new country。
　　【參考譯文】美國產(chǎn)生于兩個主要力量：思想習俗、民族特色各異的歐洲移民，以及改造這些特征的新國家所產(chǎn)生的影響。
　　48 But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
　　【句子結構】本句的主干為But the force, the interplay and the sheer difficulty caused changes。本句主語較長，為并列的三個名詞the force, the interplay and the sheer difficulty，之后又分別有較長的定語修飾：介詞短語of geographic conditions為the force的定語，之后peculiar to America為形容詞短語修飾geographic conditions；介詞短語of the varied national groups和upon one another同時修飾the interplay；of maintaining old-world ways 和in a raw, new continent同時修飾the sheer difficulty。
　　【參考譯文】但是，美國擁有獨特的地理條件，不同民族之間產(chǎn)生了相互的作用，因此，在一片原始新大陸上，維護舊大陸方式產(chǎn)生了純粹的困難，這一切引發(fā)了重大的變化。
　　49 The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.
　　【句子結構】本句的主干為The first shiploads of immigrants crossed the Atlantic。bound for the territory為immigrants的定語，之后which引導定語從句修飾the territory。 more than a hundred years after the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America為狀語。
　　【參考譯文】在15-16世紀北美探索的一百多年之后，運往如今的美國這片新領土的第一船移民橫渡了大西洋。
　　50 The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.
　　【句子結構】本句主干為The virgin forest was a real treasure-house。主語之后with its richness and variety of trees為其定語，表語a real treasure-house后是which引導的定語從句對其進行修飾。
　　【參考譯文】擁有豐富多樣樹種的原始森林是一個真正的寶庫，它從緬因州一直延伸到喬治亞州。

　　Section III    Writing
　　Part A
　　Directions:
　　You are going to hold a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.
　　You should state reasons for your recommendation.
　　You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET. Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming " instead. Do not write the address .(10 points)
　　Dear friends，
　　I am writing to tell you about a fantastic book I have just read, as we always share the same taste of books.
　　The book is called Journey to the West, which tells us a story that four monks conquered multiple handicaps to achieve their final destination. Besides the touching and thrilling plot, the book also features humorous languages, thanks to the talented author.
　　So I recommend it to all of you as one of the favorite books that I have ever read. I am sure you will love it as much as I do. I am looking forward to discussing more with you after you read it.
　　Yours sincerely,
　　o                                                    Li Ming
　　今年英語一的小作文不出預料，再一次考查到了推薦信。在英語一的考試當中，推薦信已經(jīng)考查過1年。例如我們英語一在2011年就考查過向你的朋友推薦一部電影。具體題目要求如下Directions:
　　Write a letter to a friend of yours to
　　1) recommend one of your favorite movies and
　　2) give reasons for your recommendation.
　　因此，考生不用驚慌只要把2011年的小作文稍作修改即可成文。這就啟發(fā)我們2016屆的同學們要高度重視歷年真題，因為考過的話題或是書信類型會反復考查。今年考題的Direction要求向讀書俱樂部的成員推薦一本書。根據(jù)題目的要求，我們可以判斷本文為公務信函，語域為正式語域，即不能出現(xiàn)縮寫、省略問句和和口語表達。
　　下面我們來詳細解讀下今年的小作文，首先看一下題目要求：
　　Directions:
　　you are going to hold a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.
　　You should state reasons for your recommendation.
　　You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET. Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming " instead. Do not write the address .(10 point)
　　稱呼： Dear friends注意稱呼中，后面的逗號不可丟，也不能寫成冒號。
　　正文
　　第一段：寫作內(nèi)容需涵蓋兩點：寫信目的，表明推薦；用到了這樣的表達I am writing to tell you about a fantastic book I have just read, as we always share the same taste of books.
　　第二段： 寫作內(nèi)容為推薦原因。首先，告知大家推薦的書名是什么；再次，具體闡明推薦的具體原因。用到了這樣的表達：The book is called Journey to the West, which tells us a story that four monks conquered multiple handicaps to achieve their final destination. Besides the touching and thrilling plot, the book also features humorous languages, thanks to the talented author.
　　第三段：再次強調寫信目的。
　　落款： Yours sincerely,  特別提醒sincerely后面逗號不能丟；簽名： Li Ming特別注意 Ming 后面一定不能出現(xiàn)句點。
　　Part B
　　Part B
　　52.    Directions:
　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture.in your essay, you should
　　1. describe the pictures briefly,
　　2. interpret its intended meaning, and
　　3. give your comments.
　　You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET . (20 points)

　　A group of friends, boys or girls, are having a dinner party while each one of them is checking messages in their mobile phones without saying a word to one another, leaving the dishes untouched. We are informed that this is a gathering in the era of mobile phone.
　　The above picture unveils a common social phenomenon and the symbolic meaning of the photo is the effect of the mobile phone on people's way of life. Undoubtedly, the phone provides us with considerable convenience, making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the phone makes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication. Meanwhile, there are negative effects on our personal life. As is shown in the picture, people are imprisoned in their own world! They choose contacting online rather than communicating face to face.
　　Accordingly, enjoying the convenience provided by the phones, we should bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions! Joint efforts are needed to ensure people to have face-to-face communication! I believe a harmonious relationship between friends is awaiting us if we set aside our mobile phones and enjoy the untouched meal!
　　2015年的大作文從總體上來看不難，因為它考查到了現(xiàn)在的一個社會熱點。這個熱點甚至比2014年當時的熱點還要熱！就內(nèi)容和話題而言，在我們的預料之中，屬于綜合性話題，既考察了當今信息社會發(fā)展過程中網(wǎng)絡對我們生活的影響，正如任何事物有兩個方面一樣，積極方面和消極方面，必須做到兩者的統(tǒng)一，對于手機的影響這個話題大家應該是有話可說的。同時，本題也考查了人際關系方面的內(nèi)容，同樣是兩方面內(nèi)容所引申出來的，這是借用人際關系這個事件來說明和闡述手機的兩方面的影響和作用，也就是手機的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展給我們之間的聯(lián)系提供了方便，使我們的世界變成了地球村，另外比如信息共享，成果共享等都非常方便；除此之外，也有消極的一方面，也就是手機的出現(xiàn)同時淡漠了人際關系，忽視了人與人之間的面對面的交往和聯(lián)系，同時人們之間面對面說話的交流機會少了，話題也少了。最后說出你的對策。
　　更重要的是：從十年的考研真題來講，2009年的大作文考查到了網(wǎng)絡的問題，當年的圖畫是很多人在一個類似大的蜘蛛網(wǎng)的區(qū)域里上網(wǎng)，圖片下面有一行字：網(wǎng)絡的"近"與"遠"！當年的描述圖畫部分比較難表達，而今年圖畫描述部分相比起來就容易得多。下面我們就從寫作的標準三段式來講講這三段我們應該怎么寫。
　　第一段圖畫描述段的寫作內(nèi)容主要是表述圖畫，四個人都在盯著手機，桌子上的飯菜沒動，還可以更加注意寫細節(jié)，比如他們認真的神情和桌子上的飯菜未動之類！第二段是圖畫涵義闡釋段。本段可分兩個方面來具體寫。一方面具體寫明手機給我們帶來的好處；另一方面，我們要指出手機的弊端，給我們生活帶來了很多負面影響。第三段評論段的寫作內(nèi)容為給出自己的評論和建議?？梢灾赋瞿贻p人應該重視面對面的交流！最后一句可以展望一下未來，說如果我們放下手機拿起筷子享受美食，和諧的關系就會出現(xiàn)了！
　　如果同學們指出這個是一個社會問題，我們要加以改正，個人認為這也是可以接受的！