考研英語(yǔ)：怎樣看閱讀文章？

　　?2008年text1
　　第一段：While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.該段有兩句話，首句話有關(guān)鍵詞while，表轉(zhuǎn)折讓步，因此著重把握后半句，女人在一方面是超越男人的。接下來(lái)是研究者的話也是很重要的，跟男人相比，女人在面對(duì)壓力時(shí)更容易沮喪和焦慮不安。

　　第二段首句：Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. 該句話在說(shuō)荷爾蒙使得女人產(chǎn)生更多激發(fā)壓力的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。

　　中間各段落(瀏覽)三：Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.該句是說(shuō)女人有更多機(jī)會(huì)產(chǎn)生壓力。四：Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.除了上邊兩段分別講了化學(xué)物質(zhì)量不同、機(jī)會(huì)多少不同，該段又闡述了另一個(gè)不同。五：Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college.這是個(gè)關(guān)于壓力大的女人的例子。

　　末段：Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.該段要注意but這一關(guān)鍵詞，又是在重申女人們承受著諸多壓力，并建議要及時(shí)紓解壓力。
　　因此，總結(jié)來(lái)看，這篇文章首先提出結(jié)論--解釋原因(三方面，并舉例說(shuō)明主題)--解決辦法。這樣在做主題題目時(shí)，就會(huì)易如反掌。

　　25、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
　　[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
　　[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
　　[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
　　[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress.
　　A選項(xiàng)在講方法，而涉及到辦法的只有最后一段簡(jiǎn)單提及一下，并沒(méi)有全篇論述;
　　C是涉及到原因的，但只涉及到三方面原因之一;
　　有爭(zhēng)議的是AD選項(xiàng)，都涉及到男女對(duì)待壓力的不同，而相對(duì)于A選項(xiàng)，D還更加強(qiáng)調(diào)了女性，因此結(jié)合文章首尾段的觀點(diǎn)，這是比A概括更全面的答案。

　　?2010年text2
　　第一段：Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon. com received one for its“one-click”online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.該段是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，第一句引領(lǐng)全段，后三句是三個(gè)小例子支撐第一句。看完第一句，千萬(wàn)別覺(jué)得是文章主題。從這要明白，不是所有文章都是在首段出現(xiàn)主題，一二段交接處很關(guān)鍵。

　　第二段首句：Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.要注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化，首段是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，這段筆尖一轉(zhuǎn)，用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，并且內(nèi)容是就首段的現(xiàn)象采取措施，關(guān)鍵的詞語(yǔ)是scale back，下邊的定語(yǔ)從句就不是那么重要了。這一句話同樣也是文章的主題。

　　中間各段落(瀏覽)三：Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because......關(guān)鍵詞curb on對(duì)應(yīng)的是scale back，即對(duì)于這些專利的減少和限制。原因是細(xì)節(jié)，我們暫且不看。四：The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.看到case，這是一個(gè)例子，我們做到心里有數(shù)就可以。

　　末段：The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions”that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court”says Harole C.wegner, a patent attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.該段首句并沒(méi)有實(shí)質(zhì)性的內(nèi)容，而第二句又在重申話題---narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders,narrow沿襲上邊的scale back和curb on。往下看，是涉及到例子的不用看。
　　因此，總結(jié)來(lái)看，這篇文章這樣進(jìn)行的構(gòu)架：1、現(xiàn)象的現(xiàn)狀：over the past decades,.....2、要發(fā)生的變化：scale back/curb on/例子/narrow down。要注意主題從二段開(kāi)始，并且注意時(shí)態(tài)是個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變的信號(hào)。這樣在做主題題目時(shí)，就會(huì)易如反掌。

　　30、 Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
　　[A] A looming threat to business--method patents
　　[B] Protection for business--method patent holders
　　[C] A legal case regarding business--method patents
　　[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.
　　圍繞著business--method patents來(lái)說(shuō)，從關(guān)鍵詞scale back/curb on/例子/narrow down可以非常迅速排除B這一相反選項(xiàng)--protection;
　　而C是個(gè)例子不能夠概括文章主題;
　　剩下AD,方向是對(duì)的，錯(cuò)在細(xì)節(jié)把握上，一個(gè)是looming(隱約出現(xiàn)的)，一個(gè)是prevailing(盛行的)，所以單詞的記憶還是很關(guān)鍵的，這一趨勢(shì)剛剛開(kāi)始，并未大范圍開(kāi)展。

　　?2008年text3
　　第一段：In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.該段有三句話，一二句話從時(shí)間上進(jìn)行對(duì)比，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)今NBA里個(gè)子高的人很多;第三句話是對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象的總結(jié)，身高變化了，因此想著要改變統(tǒng)一制服的尺寸以適應(yīng)身高的變化。千萬(wàn)不要被這一段迷惑，主題遠(yuǎn)不是如此。

　　第二段首句：The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.該句話一定注意轉(zhuǎn)折詞though，上述現(xiàn)象掩蓋了一個(gè)事實(shí)：美國(guó)人停止增長(zhǎng)了---這才是文章的主旨。

　　中間各段落(瀏覽)三：Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients notably, protein  to feed expanding tissues.這句話在說(shuō)人的身體增長(zhǎng)考的是一些營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。這是屬于細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。四：Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.該段是說(shuō)長(zhǎng)得沒(méi)有那么高還是有好處的，接下來(lái)肯定是具體闡述好處。

　　末段：Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”句首的but表明身高在基因上不會(huì)盡快發(fā)生變化，因此接下來(lái)又接著闡述制服短期內(nèi)不用改變，總之是在圍繞第二段的主題人的身高基本停止增長(zhǎng)這一主題在說(shuō)。
　　因此，總結(jié)來(lái)看，這篇文章首先擺出例子(但與主題相反)---though引出主題---論述主題---重申主題。這樣在做主題題目時(shí)，就會(huì)易如反掌。

　　35. The text intends to tell us that______
　　[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
　　[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
　　[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
　　[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
　　全文在圍繞人身高停止增長(zhǎng)，很容易選出C;
　　A選項(xiàng)說(shuō)到人體身高的變化遵循周期;
　　B在說(shuō)人的身高是具有可預(yù)測(cè)性的，涉及到預(yù)測(cè)的只有末段，而且說(shuō)得是要想預(yù)測(cè)參照最近身高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就行;D說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。

　　?2010年text4
　　第一段：Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.首段依舊在闡述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，指出了兩方的矛盾，bankers和the accounting standard-setters，一般涉及到兩方矛盾的，總能體現(xiàn)出作者的態(tài)度，一般在下文會(huì)有提示信息。

　　第二段首句：Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working.對(duì)于這種需要鑒別作者態(tài)度的文章，要認(rèn)真揣摩關(guān)鍵詞的隱含意義，比如Unfortunately，銀行一方的游說(shuō)起作用了，這是表明作者站在另一方的立場(chǎng)。

　　中間各段落(瀏覽)三：After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes.四：European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.在三四段我們?yōu)g覽的時(shí)候回模糊的看到有兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)，并且都采取了類似的做法，而做法是針對(duì)rule change的，出現(xiàn)rule是在第一段，由accounting standard-setters制定的，顯然這兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的做法是站在bank的立場(chǎng)。五：It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.這里明顯出現(xiàn)了作者的態(tài)度，是銀行錯(cuò)誤，還用了強(qiáng)調(diào)句加以說(shuō)明。

　　末段：To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.這段在論述作者提出的解決辦法，更多針對(duì)的是bank一方，還提及這兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)之前做法欠妥。

　　因此，總結(jié)來(lái)看，這篇文章結(jié)構(gòu)：指出兩派矛盾:bank & accounting standard-setters---unfortunately(暗含作者態(tài)度)---兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)針對(duì)一方(accounting standard-setters)---亮出作者態(tài)度(banks were wrong)---解決辦法。該篇文章未涉及到主題題目，但是對(duì)于主題的把握也有助于其他題目的解答。

　　閱讀文章要注意從整體上把握，這樣才能避免讀起考研英語(yǔ)文章來(lái)一頭霧水。在做考研英語(yǔ)真題過(guò)程中，我們要多多總結(jié)各個(gè)文章的主題出現(xiàn)位置，為考試做好準(zhǔn)備。
　　這一系列文章是從整體上讓大家把握，比較詳實(shí)，拋磚引玉，希望大家沿著這路數(shù)自己分析考研英語(yǔ)文章，抓主題，慢慢來(lái)，欲速則不達(dá)。

　　（實(shí)習(xí)編輯：劉明忠）