摘要:想拿到考研英語的高分,不僅要明白單詞的釋義,理解語法,還要能夠掌握長難句。長難句常常潛伏在閱讀和翻譯中,文章大意理解的不夠透徹
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摘要:想拿到考研英語的高分,不僅要明白單詞的釋義,理解語法,還要能夠掌握長難句。長難句常常潛伏在閱讀和翻譯中,文章大意理解的不夠透徹或是翻譯總是不夠完善,實則就是長難句拖了后腿。所以,身為2019考研er,我們一定要理清長難句的種類及特點。
一篇考研閱讀理解文章中一般會出現3~5句長難句,而且還至少命制一道針對長難句理解的考題,因此很有必要熟悉長難句的種類以及它們各自的重點。
?經典從句
1、主從復合句
When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
[參考譯文]
當藝術上的一項新運動達到一定流行程度時,最好先弄清該運動倡導者的目的,因為,無論他們的創(chuàng)作原則在今天看來多么牽強、多么荒謬,在未來這些理論有可能會被視為正常的東西。
[結構分析]
本句的主干是it is advisable to find out... for... it is possible that...,句首的When引導一個時間狀語從句,句中的for... it is possible... (至句末)是一個并列分句,表示原因,其中for后面的however +形容詞farfetched and unreasonable引導狀語從句,表示讓步。在主干it is advisable to find out... 中,it是形式主語,后面的不定式結構to find out what its advocates are aiming at是真正的主語。
2、并列句
While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
[參考譯文]
與你談話時,可能成為你未來老板的人會考慮你所受的教育、你的經歷和你的其他資歷是否在雇傭你以后會給他帶來好處。你的“資歷”和能力必須有條不紊、合理連貫地展示出來。
[結構分析]
這也是一個并列句,包含兩個分句。第一個分句的主干是your could-be employer is deciding whether...,其中whether引導一個賓語從句whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you;第二個分句的主干是your “wares” and abilities must be displayed...。注意:pay sb. to do sth.此處的意思是“做…對…有利”;“wares”的本義是“商品、貨物”,但在本文中,作者認為找工作就是推銷自己,所以結合本文的背景,wares的意思是“(求職者的)資歷或能力”。
3、定語從句
(1)The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
[參考譯文]
通過雇用大量的職業(yè)人才,這一變化滿足了新時代的技術要求,防止了效率下降——在過去,這種效率下降經常使家族公司在充滿活力的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代或第三代毀掉全部財產。
[結構分析]
本句是一個并列句,以and連接;第一個分句的主干是The change met the technical requirements...,后面的介詞結構by engaging a large professional element作狀語,說明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式;第二個分句的主干是(the change) prevented the decline in efficiency,后面的that引導的定語從句修飾decline in efficiency。注意:engage此處的意思是“雇,聘”。
(2)A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
[參考譯文]
1996年進行的一項新聞調查表明,反科學的標簽還被貼在其他許多團體身上——從主張消滅最后剩下的各種天花病毒的機構,到主張減少基礎研究經費的共和黨人。
[結構分析]
本句的主干是A survey...reveals that...,主語是survey,謂語是reveals,后面的that引導一個賓語從句,其主干是:the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well,后面的部分是from和to連接的兩個名詞:from authorities...to Republicans...,說明other groups的內容,而兩個名詞后面各自帶一個定語從句,都由who引導。
The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
[參考譯文]
讀者對新聞媒體令人驚訝的不信任并非源于報道失實或報道技能較差,而是源于記者和讀者之間世界觀的日常沖突。
[結構分析]
本句的主干是distrust ... isn’t rooted in... but in... (不信任的根源不是…而是…),其中be rooted in... 的意思是“根源在于…”。注意:這是一種特殊句式,重點在but之后的部分。
4、名詞性從句
Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.
[參考譯文]
網絡文化非常推崇這樣一種理念:出現在用戶屏幕上的信息應該是根據用戶特定要求發(fā)送過來的。
[結構分析]
本句的主干是Online culture thinks highly of the notion that...,其中notion后面的that引導一個同位語從句,說明notion的具體內容;同位語從句的主干是the information...comes there...,其中flowing onto the screen作定語,修飾the information,句末的by specific request作狀語,修飾come there。
5、狀語從句
Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt tightening.
[參考譯文]
消費者們看上去只是有點擔心,而沒有恐慌,很多消費者說盡管他們正在把開支緊縮一點,但是他們對經濟的長期前景仍然保持樂觀。
[結構分析]
本句是以and連接的并列句,其中第二個分句的主干是many say...,say后面的部分是賓語從句,其中還包含一個as引導的讓步狀語從句。
?特殊結構
考研常命題的長難句中,除了常考的三大從句外,還有一些特殊結構(如倒裝結構、比較結構、分隔結構等),這些特殊結構往往成為考生理解的難點。本文給出真題閱讀中的一些典型的特殊結構的例句,建議熟讀甚至背誦,以做到考試時碰到類似句子就能抓住重點。
1、強調結構
Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
[參考譯文]
也許正是因為人類長期以來遭受旱澇擺布的痛苦,才使他們制服洪水的理想顯得如此令人著迷。
[結構分析]
這是一個強調句,基本結構是it is...suffering...that makes...so fascinating,被強調部分是humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought,其中的中心詞是suffering,有兩個修飾成分:humankind’s long和at the mercy of flood and drought(受旱澇擺布)都做suffering的定語。suffering這個詞除了是被強調的部分外,還是后面that引導的從句的主語;在that引導的從句中,ideal做賓語,帶有of引導的動名詞短語forcing the waters to do our bidding(讓河水聽我們吩咐)這個定語;so fascinating做ideal的賓語補語,說明ideal的特點。
2、倒裝結構
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
[參考譯文]
1980年美國的人口普查數據表明,沒有哪個地方比美國最西部更能突出顯示美國人想尋找更廣闊的生存空間。
[結構分析]
否定副詞nowhere放在句首,所以句子出現部分倒裝。注意:more 與否定詞nowhere一起使用,相當于最高級。dramatize此處的意思是“突出顯示,使…戲劇化”。
3、分隔結構
With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.
[參考譯文]
然而就未來主義詩歌而言,情況就很難說了,因為不管未來主義詩歌是什么——即使承認其理論基礎是正確的——也很難將其歸為文學。
[結構分析]
本句的主干是the case is rather difficult, for... it can hardly be classed as Literature,前面的however表示本句與前一句形成對比,句首的介詞結構With regard to Futurist poetry作狀語,其中with regard to的意思是“關于…”; for... it can hardly be classed as Literature是一個并列分句,表示原因,主干是it can hardly be classed as Literature; for后面的從句whatever Futurist poetry may be表示讓步,作狀語;破折號之間的部分even admitting that... 也是讓步狀語,其中that 引導一個賓語從句that the theory... may be right,而從句的主語theory后又帶有定語從句on which it is based。
4、比較結構
Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
[參考譯文]
麥克沃特先生的學術專長是語言史和語言變化。舉例來說,他認為“whom”一詞的逐漸消失是很自然的,像古英語中詞格結尾的消失一樣不令人惋惜。
[結構分析]
本句是一個并列句,包含兩個以and連接的分句,其中第二個分句比較復雜:賓語是the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example,接著是to be natural and no more regrettable,這一部分作上述賓語的補足語,最后是比較結構no more... than... (像…一樣不…)。
?省略
考研中有時需要考慮到篇幅的問題,所以會對原文進行刪節(jié),而且作者在行文過程中本著語言簡明扼要的要求,所以如果在句子中出現與前面或后面重復的成分,文章中基本上會把能省略掉的東西全部省略掉。對付這類情況的辦法就是能夠在短時間內恢復句子的原貌。
例:
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. America’s life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.
分析:這里有兩處省略,一是省略death is,二是can be…;這里的省略都是因為上文提到相應的內容,因此下文就將相同的內容省略。如果補全的話,全句應為:It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada death is inevitable and in California death is optional. Small wonder. America’s life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression can be controlled, cataracts can be removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.
譯文:據說,在英國死亡是迫在眉睫的,在加拿大死亡是不可避免的,在加州是可以選擇的,這種說法并不奇怪。在過去一個世紀里,美國人的壽命幾乎增長了一倍。髖骨壞了可以更換,臨床憂郁癥得到了控制,白內障通過三十分鐘的手術例可以切除。
當然,想在考研基礎階段突破長難句,就要多加練習,并且熟悉各種長句的結構,才能達到得心應手的程度。
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